Efeitos de um programa de intervenção interdisciplinar sobre a função pulmonar e aptidão física em escolares com sobrepeso e obesidade.

Abstract

Introduction: overweight can cause numerous complications in the various body systems, especially in the respiratory system; The accumulation of body fat can cause dysfunctions in structures related to ventilatory mechanics, resulting in changes in lung function and increased respiratory effort. Objective: to evaluate the effects of an interdisciplinary intervention program in health (physical exercise, nutrition and psychology) on pulmonary function and physical fitness in overweight schoolchildren. Article I: the objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of an interdisciplinary intervention program on lung function, cardiorespiratory fitness and upper limb strength in overweight schoolchildren. The study is characterized as quasi-experimental, performed with adolescents diagnosed with overweight / obesity, constituted by experimental group and control group. The experimental group participated in an interdisciplinary program with a duration of six months, and an evaluation was carried out prior to and at the end of the program. The intervention sessions were performed on three days of the week and constituted by physical exercises, nutritional and psychological orientation. Anthropometric assessments, cardiorespiratory fitness, upper limb explosive force and pulmonary function were performed. For the comparison of the variables in the pre- and post-test moments, between the control and experimental groups, the t test was used for independent samples and the Mann-Whitney test was used for the non-parametric variables. In the intragroup comparison, the t-test for paired samples was used for the variables of normal distribution and, for non-parametric variables, the Wilcoxon test was applied. The tests performed adopted the level of significance of p <0.05. In the intragroup comparison, the male gender of the experimental group showed a significant increase in cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.035) and upper limb explosive force (p = 0.009). There was a reduction in forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of the forced vital capacity curve (FEF25/75,% predicted) in the male sex of the CG (p <0.039). The female sex of both groups did not show significant alterations in the evaluated parameters. In conclusion, the intervention program was effective in increasing the levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and explosive strength of upper limbs of the male adolescents of the experimental group. Spirometric parameters did not show significant changes in both sexes. Article II: the objective was to investigate the grouping of spirometric, anthropometric and physical fitness variables and the changes that occurred in response to an interdisciplinary intervention program in overweight/obese adolescents. The study is a quasi-experimental type, with pre and post evaluation and application of an interdisciplinary intervention program. The program was extended for six months, having sessions three times a week and counted on interventions of physical exercises, nutritional and psychological orientation. The subjects were allocated into two groups: experimental group and control group. The evaluations consisted of anthropometric measures verified by body mass index and waist circumference, cardiorespiratory fitness assessed by the six-minute run/walk test and upper limb explosive strength by the medicine ball throw test. To verify the grouping of the factors, the principal components analysis was performed in the pre- and post-intervention periods. The analysis grouped the components into 3 factors in the evaluation of the pre-intervention period of both groups. The experimental group had the representation of 83.56% and the control group 80.19% of the total variance of the model. In the post-intervention period, the experimental group maintained three factors accounting for 86.40%. Already, the control group, the components were grouped into four factors, explaining 91.13% of the total variance of the model. Both groups presented a change in the grouping of the variables in the post-intervention results, however, in the experimental group, these changes were more relevant. No central component, which interrelated all other factors, was found. We conclude that the interdisciplinary intervention program promoted modification in the grouping of the analyzed variables, and may indicate that this contributes to an increase in levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and changes in pulmonary function.