A configuração da forma cultural do jornalismo independente nos territórios latino-americanos.

Abstract

Journalism is understood as a cultural form that is shaped in its relation to the sociocultural, political and economic processes of the territories, such that it is shaped by its territorial surroundings. By spatially delimiting this research to the latin-american territories we are referring to a space-time-lived, marked above all else by verticalities and exogenous processes of development, that reenforce its subalternity and amplify the social inequalities, and in which the media industries are characterized by a commercial and private character, of maintaining the constituted hegemonies. This research's central object are the experiences of digital native journalism in Latin America that are self-proclaimed independent journalists, standing as an alternative to this traditional and hegemonic model of journalism. The question of how independent journalism is configured as a cultural form in the Latin American territories is presented as a core issue. To that end, this study theoretically and methodologically anchors itself in the Cultural Studies and in Richard Johnson's culture circuit diagram. The concepts of time and space are incorporated, theoretically and methodologically, from the perspective of geography and the CS. The key concepts to this research come from Raymond Williams, Jesús Martín-Barbero, Richard Johnson, Rogério Haesbaert, Milton Santos and David Harvey. The specific objectives are a) to understand the development of the latin-american territories, specially through the cultural/media industries; b) to analyse how the conditions of journalistic production, within the organizations of independent journalism, mold the cultural form of this journalism; c) to identify, in its production and content, the form of independent journalism; e d) to investigate in which manner the consumption of this production occurs, considering the characteristics of these organizations and particularities of the analysed latin-american territories. To that end, eight organizations of independent journalism spread across the latin-american territories were chosen: Agência Pública (Brazil), Animal Político (Mexico), Chequeado (Argentina), Contra Corriente (Honduras), GK.city (Ecuador), La Silla Vacía (Colombia), Nómada (Guatemala) e Sudestada (Uruguay). The thesis is structured so as to explore, define and analyse five moments of the culture circuit: cultures lived/territories, production conditions, production, product and consumption. It was found that the space-time-lived of the Latin American territories is shaping a form of independent journalism in that region, such that this journalism configures into an endogenous model, connected with the reality of these territories. It was identified that, through activating both a rational-enlightened and a popular matrix, independent journalism constitutes itself, on Latin America, as a hybrid cultural form, between traditional and alternative journalism, utilizing archaic and residual elements in the constitution of an emergent form. Thus, independent journalism is a form of intersection between these cultural matrices, primarily, in a context of neoliberal capitalism, with a flexibilization of the productive processes, having aspects specific to post-fordism. This flexibilization is connected with a historical time of Latin American territories, the response of this journalism being to act to respond to certain demands that are typical or particular of these territories.