Educação de mulheres e ensino normal na primeira metade do século XX no Brasil.

Abstract

This thesis brings the study of social and gender relation through an educational and Foucauldian bias, highlighting concepts of governmentality, biopolitics and subjectivity. The general objective consists of education analysis, mainly focusing in women education as a mechanism of biopolitical governmentality for the construction of whiteness in Brazil, through the first half of the 20th century. Presently in this context, the Regular School is problematized as “a women toward education”, as it shows a female-teacher as a subject inserted in the perspective of the Nation’s whitening and the construction of white privilege. The research through the women toward education has permitted the comprehension of the importance that women have for the Brazilian nation evolution, especially the middle-class white woman. The female teacher is constituted as a subject inserted in the perspective of whitening of the nation, which has permitted the thought that the process of whitening construction has been associated to the construction of a women toward education, based on maternity and teaching, a job that has been constituted for women. Considering specifically the women toward education, it is possible to confirm that both feminization and whitening of teaching occur on the first half of the 20th Century in Brazil, mainly composed by middle class white women, which has eased the path of whitening in the country and shows that the race has been a structuring element onto the Brazilian community’s life. The growing participation of women in the labor market and the decrease of men in teaching positions, as well as the increasing difficulty for the poor and black population entries in Education, makes it evident that the aragon imagined and expected by the New School reformers, specially Azevedo, Peixoto and Teixeira has been a group of teachers composed by white, middle-class women. The teacher – who is also a mother – would be responsible for the future citizen, starting from children education, the State is responsible for managing gender, race and sexuality relations.