Antimicrobianos e doença periodontal : revisão de literatura.

Abstract

There are several diseases that affect the tooth-supporting structures. Foremost is gingivitis, which is associated with gingival plaque and inflammation without loss of attachment level; and periodontitis, which is characterized by loss of tissue due to periodontal inflammation. The etiology of the periodontal disease does not rely in single bacterial specie, and it is classified as a polymicrobial infection. Among all the present microorganisms in periodontal disease the most common are: actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Treponema forsythus bacteroides denticola. The antimicrobial agents are used in therapeutic treatment of the disease. Antibiotics are characterized as natural or synthetic compounds able to inhibit growth or cause death of fungi or bacteria. They are classified as bactericides, when they cause bacterial death; and bacteriostatic when they are capable of inhibiting the growth or reproduction of the bacteria. The use of antibiotic therapy in dentistry is well established due to the large number and diversity of bacterial agents belonging to the normal oral microbiota. The aim of this study is to establish a pharmacological approach of the antimicrobial use in cases of periodontal disease. This literature review analyzed the databases of books from the Central Library of the Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul - UNISC and the virtual library Elsevier Evolution. It was concluded that antibiotics like, penicillin, macrolides and tetracycline are well used in dentistry, because they have proven its effectiveness against most bacteria colonies of oral cavity; other antibiotics such as metronidazole and clindamycin have particular application against anaerobic microorganisms activity, or in patients allergic to antibiotics described previously.